depression
Relación entre la depresión y la demencia. Relationship between depression and dementia
The high association of depression and dementia in the elderly has motivated to investigate the type of relationship that exists between them. The objective of this narrative review was to describe the relationship between depression and dementia, for which the Medline, Science Direct, Dialnet, Redalyc databases were reviewed between 2000 and 2021, with the verbal descriptors “dementia” AND “depression” AND “relationship” AND “older adult” OUT “caregiver depression” to locate the candidate documents and then select the final sample made up of 60 published articles, which were reviewed by three judges for selection. Seven explanations of the relationship between dementia and depression were identified in which depression is considered a risk factor for dementia, a prodrome, a consequence, among others. Likewise, there was evidence that, although all the hypotheses have scientific support, there are also indications of their refutability. The types of relationship with the greatest scientific support were “depression as a risk factor” and “as a prodrome of dementia”, although the limitations in the studies prevent clarifying the relationship between these entities. Longitudinal studies that review the history of depression are suggested as a useful methodology to determine the relationship between them.
Leer artículo completo
Palabras clave: adulto mayor,
demencia,
depresión,
depresión geriátrica,
factor de riesgo,
pródromo,
Prevalence Of Major Depressive Disorder In Portoviejo, Ecuador. Prevalencia del Trastorno Depresivo Mayor en Portoviejo, Ecuador.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder that affects more than 300 million people, causing enormous socioeconomic burden. Little data has been known about prevalence of MDD in Ecuador. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of MDD in the population in a highly populated city in Ecuadorian Coast. This population-based study was accomplished in Portoviejo, Manabí. Here, we analyzed 114.239 records about MDD using Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnosis of DSM-IV Disorders in younger, adults, and older peoples. We observed that the MDD score of 8.6% of the studied population. There was a suitable agreement between mild MDD and residence location scores (urban or rural zone). Both models had a good standard of fit (R2 = 0.91 and 0.95) and a mean p-value of 0.04 for both locations. A significant positive correlation between marital status and MDD scores, particularly for single (p = 0.001361, r = 0.94), and education levels (p = 0.00102, r = 0.95) was also demonstrated. Moreover, both age (p = 0.001067, r = -0.94) and widowed (p = 0.009662, r = -0.87) were negatively correlated with MDD scores. Collectively, our results revealed a high prevalence of MDD in the Portoviejo population, an effect more prominent in man, living alone, young and resident of the urban zone.
Leer artículo completo
Concurrent Validity of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory versus the ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria among Patients with Parkinson’s Disease.
Objective: To examine the concurrent validity of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory for quantifying depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease, using the ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria as the gold standard, and to determine if the somatization items considered are pertinent.
Methods: The study involved one hundred and forty consecutive PD patients –102 men and 38 women– with a mean age of 68.7 years and mean disease duration of 6.7 years. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and likelihood ratios were obtained with a 95% CI. ROC Curves (AUC) were also performed.
Results: Based on ROC measurement of discriminative ability, our results suggest that both scales were poor at recognizing mild depression, somewhat better at recognizing moderate depression and adequate for distinguishing severe depression, though with poor specificity. Comparisons of HDRS-21, HDRS-12, BDI-21 and BDI-16 to determine concurrent validity all gave similar results for each depression level and no important differences between the complete scales (all 21 items) and abbreviated forms (without somatic items) were noted.
Conclusions: We conclude that both scales possess similar psychometric properties, but our results cannot be compared with those of other studies that used DSM-IV criteria as their gold standard. These observations led to the following conclusions: (1) the evaluation scales and criteria that comprise them were not designed for PD; (2) the somatic items observed in our patients were a product of PD; and (3) as the severity of the illness increased, so did the number of items that were confused as elements of depression.
Leer artículo completo
Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease, Metric Properties of the Beck´s Depression and Anxiety Inventories. A K2 Factorial Design.
Background: Study to investigate the concurrent validity of the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory evaluation scales against the ICD-10.
Methods: A K2 factorial design for studying the metrics properties of the BDI and BAI in parkinsonian outpatients.
Results: 147 parkinsonian patients were included; 44 patients has anxiety and depression; only depression 19; only anxiety 31; finally 53 subjects don’t have depression or anxiety. The BDI AUC was [0.858]. The BAI AUC was of [0.907]. The cut score was of 14/15 for the BDI and 13/14 for the BAI. The factorial design resulted in the two factors (depression and anxiety) has the best functional correlation in the regression.
Conclusions: The results we present bear out this lack of dimensionality, since we found that the BDI AUC-measured discriminative ability for anxiety was [0.739]. With regard to the BAI, this is employed to discriminate the depressed, AUC values of [0.771].
Leer artículo completo
Tipificación del Trastorno Afectivo en Pacientes con Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal.
Introduction: Affective disorders in people with epilepsy seem to be different from patients with primary mood disorders.
Objective: to determine the clinical characteristics that typifies depression in patients with temporal Lobe Epilepsy.
Patients and methods: Forty patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and depression were enrolled in the study. Thirty one patients with primary depressive disorder were recruited as control group. Depression was clinically evaluated in both groups. The discriminate analysis was used to determine the main clinical features of depression in patients with epilepsy. The differentiation between groups in total scores of Mood disorders through the International Psychiatry Interview was used to determine the atypical sign of depressive symptoms in patients with epilepsy. Logistic regression was utilized to analyze the possible relationship between neurobiological functioning and depressive symptoms in patients with epilepsy. Results: Sixty two percent of patients had a mood disorder not classified in CIE-10 and DSM-IV. Perictal anhedonia associated with insomnia, guilty thoughts, psychomotor slowness, inattention, restlessness, irritability, faintness became the clinical profiles of depression in patients with epilepsy. Age of onset of epilepsy, family history of psychiatric disorders, number of seizures per month, left temporal Lobe Epilepsy, and bilateral hippocampal atrophy were the most important determinants of mood disorders in our study.
Conclusion: Brief perictal depressive symptoms associated with dysphoria, anxiety and phobias, typify the clinical profile of depressive syndrome in patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.
Leer artículo completo
Predictores de Ansiedad y Depresión en Cuidadores Primarios de Pacientes Neurológicos.
Objective: To describe predictors of depression and anxiety in caregivers of neurological patients.
Methods: To a sample of 145 caregivers, from the outpatient clinic of the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, sociodemographic variables were collected and the following questionnaires were applied: Ways of Coping with Stress of Lazarus and Folkman, Zarit Burden Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Additionally, Activities of Daily Living were assessed in patients.
Results: 97% of caregivers were provided by the informal system, usually a woman (82%) with an average age of 47.7 ± 15.1, house-wife (60%) and close relative of the sick person (78% . They suffer from a current illness (48%) and 62% presented the condition after caregiving. The regression model for anxiety included: negative impact, cognitive distancing, patient age and caregiver education. The depression model included: negative impact, caregiver education and cognitive distancing. Both explained 37% of variance.
Conclusions: Anxiety and depression depend on the skills and resources of the caregiver, the burden and impact of the disease. These correlate with physical, mental and socioeconomic issues that affect social relationships, intimacy and freedom of the caregiver.
Leer artículo completo
The Impact of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Neuropsychology, Depression and Anxiety. A Case-Control Study, with 90 Portuguese Female Subjects.
Objectives: The study of the impact of Rheumatoid Arthritis in cognitive functions has not been well documented in Portugal. So, with this original article we tried to clarify this reality in this particular country.
Methods: We assessed the results of 45 Rheumatoid Arthritis female patients (intervention group), comparing each patient in a case control paired strategy (years in school and age), with control subjects (n = 45, in a total of 90 subjects). All subjects were evaluated with Paced Auditory Selective Attention Test, Word List Generation Test, Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, a Portuguese depression screening test (IACLIDE), STAI (anxiety trace and trait test) and the Mini Mental state examination.
Results: The results show, for the first time in Portuguese patients, the presence of major deficits in terms of cognitive function and symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Conclusion: This article strengthens the argument of the necessity to pay attention in psycho-educational, psychotherapeutic and cognitive stimulation as well as neuropsychological intervention in these types of patients.
Leer artículo completo
Palabras clave: ansiedad,
depresión,
enfermedades inflamatorias reumáticas,
evaluación neuropsicológica,
El Estrés Crónico, ¿Factor de Riesgo para la Enfermedad de Alzheimer?
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, with epidemiological importance due to the high prevalence of people affected worldwide. Over time, various hypotheses have been raised in the pathophysiology and etiology of the disease and now the study of this disorder, is tackled from a multi-causal perspective, taking into account different etiological factors, among which are: genetics, oxidative stress, intracellular calcium dynamics, vascular effects, inflammation and stress, among others. The following literature review, aims to show studies that correlate stress as a risk factor in AD, recognizing the pathophysiological findings of AD, due to augmentation on glucocorticoids by chronic stress and the subsequent alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Critical view of these findings according to the literature.
Leer artículo completo
Relación Entre Patrones de Sueño y Ansiedad / Depresión
In recent years contradictory data as to relationship between the sleep patterns and psychological variables have appeared. This study analyses the relationships of depression and state-trait anxiety levels in subjects with different sleep patterns. From 583 subject sample, 25 long sleep pattern , 25 medium sleep and 25 short sleep pattern were selected. The results show that no relationships between psychological variables and sleep patterns.
