Appraisals of dementias worldwide envisage an unfavorable scenario, especially in developing countries. Since factors such as education, socioeconomic status and healthiness play an important role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. It is known that pathophysiological features begin up to 20 years before an Alzheimer’s diagnosis and that the disease transits through three stages that include normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a sample of middle-aged and older adults in southern Peru. A discriminant cognitive evaluation is performed for the absence or presence of cognitive alteration, focused especially on memory, language, visuoperception/visuoconstruction and other cognitive domains. Mini-Mental State Examination, Clock´s Test, and Verbal Fluency test were used, obtaining prevalence data for cognitive impairment with adjusted cut-off points according to age ranges (50-98 years) sex and education. Parametric and non-parametric statistics, logistic regression, Pearson correlation and ANCOVA were performed. The most suitable cut points for our population were selected through the ROC curves and the Youden index. The percentage of global mild cognitive deterioration was 58.80%. It is necessary to generate more effective mental health policies, especially referring to the middle-aged and elderly population, that address the early detection of MCI and Alzheimer’s disease.
Adultos Mayores
Prevalencia de deterioro cognitivo leve en peruanos adultos mayores y de mediana edad. Cognitive impairment prevalence in peruvian middle-age and elderly adults
Testing the reliability of the Downton Fall Risk Index for predicting incident falls in community-dwelling older adults. A prospective population-based study. Evaluación de la confiabilidad del “Índice Downton de riesgo de caídas” como predictor de caídas incidentes en adultos mayores que viven en la comunidad. Estudio poblacional prospectivo.
Background: Accidental falls are a major cause of disability and death in older adults. However, the reliability of instruments designed to estimate the risk of future falls has not been adequately established in community dwellers.
Methods: Departing from a previous cross-sectional study of older adults living in rural Ecuador that estimated the potential risk of future falls, we carried out a prospective longitudinal study to assess the reliability of the Downton Fall Risk Index (DFRI) as a predictor of incident falls during three years of follow-up.
Results: Of 254 individuals, 158 (62%) experienced incident falls. The mean score of the baseline DFRI was 1.6±1.3 points, with 54 (21%) individuals showing an increased risk for future falls (DFRI score ≥3 points). Forty-seven of the 54 individuals with a positive DFRI had incident falls as opposed to 111/200 individuals with a negative DFRI (p<0.001). An adjusted logistic regression model found that individuals with a positive DFRI have a fivefold increase in incident falls compared with those having a negative DFRI (OR: 4.91; 95% C.I.: 1.94 – 12.4). Receiver operator characteristics curve analysis showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.612 (95% C.I.: 0.568 – 0.657) for a positive DFRI to predict incident falls. However, the AUC for the predictive value of incident falls given a history of previous falls (as a single variable) was 0.908 (95% C.I.: 0.875 – 0.942).
Conclusions: The DFRI has only a moderate predictive value for the occurrence of incident falls that is surpassed by that of previous falls.
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The association between pineal gland calcification and intracranial atherosclerotic disease in older adults. Asociación entre calcificaciones de la glándula pineal y enfermedad aterosclerótica intracraneal en adultos mayores
Background: This study assesses whether pineal gland calcification (PGC) – a surrogate for reduced endogenous melatonin production – is associated with significant stenosis of large intracranial arteries – a biomarker of intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD).
Methods: Individuals aged ≥60 years enrolled in the Three Villages Study received head CT to assess PGC and MRA to estimate stenosis of large intracranial arteries. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to assess the association between PGC and ICAD, after adjusting for relevant confounders. Inverse probability of exposure weighting was used to estimate the effect of PGC on ICAD.
Results: A total of 581 individuals were enrolled. PGC and ICAD were associated in a fully-adjusted logistic regression model (p=0.032). Inverse probability of exposure weighting showed an estimate for the proportion of ICAD among those without PGC of 3.7% and the adjusted-effect coefficient was 5.7% higher among those with PGC (p=0.031).
Conclusions: PGC is associated with ICAD. Study results provide grounds for evaluating the role of melatonin deficiency in ICAD progression.
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Función cognitiva en adultos mayores con y sin dedos de Dawson relacionados con enfermedad de pequeño vaso cerebral. Cognitive performance in older adults with and without Dawson’s fingers-related cerebral small vessel disease
Background/objective: Dawson’s fingers have been traditionally associated with multiple sclerosis. However, this imaging biomarker has also been linked to white matter hyperintensities related to cerebral small vessel disease. In the latter, Dawson’s fingers could represent damage of small venules in subjects with severe small vessel disease and could theoretically be associated with cognitive decline. In this study, we aimed to assess the association between Dawson’s fingers and cognitive performance in a population of older adults.
Methods: Population-based study conducted in individuals aged 60 years or older, residing in three rural villages of coastal Ecuador (Atahualpa, El Tambo and Prosperidad). Of 712 older adults identified by means of a door-to-door survey, 590 underwent a brain MRI. Of them, 575 also had the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). We selected the 157 individuals with moderate-to-severe white matter hyperintensities to assess the presence of Dawson’s fingers. The independent association between Dawson’s fingers and cognitive performance (as the dependent variable) was assessed by means of a linear regression model, after adjusting for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and the other biomarkers of cerebral small vessel disease.
Results: Of 157 individuals with moderate-to-severe White matter hyperintensities, 17 (11%) had Dawson’s fingers on MRI. The mean MoCA score in subjects with Dawson’s fingers was 14.5±6.4 points and that of those without this neuroimaging biomarker was 17.3±6.2 points. The association between Dawson’s fingers and the MoCA score was marginal in univariate models (p=0.082), but it completely vanished in a multivariate linear regression model adjusted for relevant covariates (β:-0.31; 95% C.I.: -3.23 – 2.60; p=0.833). A mediation model disclosed that 83.5% of the effect of Dawson’s finger on cognitive performance was mediated by age.
Conclusion: Dawson’s fingers are not independently associated with cognitive performance in individuals with cerebral small vessel disease. Most of the effect of this association is mediated by age.
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Efectividad del Foto-Test Frente al MMSE, Para el Cribado del Deterioro Cognitivo en Población Peruana. Effectiveness Of The Photo-Test Front Of The MMSE, For The Screening Of Cognitive Deterioration In Peruvian Population.
The progressive increase of Alzheimer’s disease has generated interest in its early detection with cognitive screening tests being a useful tool, however, they need to be culturally adapted, objective and reliable. In Peru, this need is greater since the educational level of the elderly population is mostly low. The aim of the present study is to know the estimate sensitivity and specificity of FOTOTEST against MMSE for the screening/detection of cognitive impairment, analyzing the relationship of these cognitive tests with one of functional activity. 107 elderly people, aged 60-89 years, were evaluated. The Yesavage scale for geriatric depression was used, the functional activities questionnaire of Pfeffer, MMSE, and FOTOTEST. Pearson’s analysis showed a significant positive correlation between MMSE/FOTOTEST (Pearson 0.386, p <0.003), whereas only MMSE showed a significant negative correlation with PFAQ (Pearson -0.320, p <0.013). However, FOTOTEST did not show a significant correlation with PFAQ (Pearson -0.067, p <0.613). In addition, the percentage of effectiveness and specificity estimated for FOTOTEST was 100.00% and 92.68%, respectively, higher than the MMSE, with an estimated percentage of effectiveness being 83.33%, and specificity of 34.14%. We conclude that FOTOTEST would be a more useful test for the detection of cognitive impairment than MMSE.
