Appraisals of dementias worldwide envisage an unfavorable scenario, especially in developing countries. Since factors such as education, socioeconomic status and healthiness play an important role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. It is known that pathophysiological features begin up to 20 years before an Alzheimer’s diagnosis and that the disease transits through three stages that include normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a sample of middle-aged and older adults in southern Peru. A discriminant cognitive evaluation is performed for the absence or presence of cognitive alteration, focused especially on memory, language, visuoperception/visuoconstruction and other cognitive domains. Mini-Mental State Examination, Clock´s Test, and Verbal Fluency test were used, obtaining prevalence data for cognitive impairment with adjusted cut-off points according to age ranges (50-98 years) sex and education. Parametric and non-parametric statistics, logistic regression, Pearson correlation and ANCOVA were performed. The most suitable cut points for our population were selected through the ROC curves and the Youden index. The percentage of global mild cognitive deterioration was 58.80%. It is necessary to generate more effective mental health policies, especially referring to the middle-aged and elderly population, that address the early detection of MCI and Alzheimer’s disease.
epidemiology
Prevalencia de deterioro cognitivo leve en peruanos adultos mayores y de mediana edad. Cognitive impairment prevalence in peruvian middle-age and elderly adults
Magnetic Resonance Poor Prognostic Factors In Mexican Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Factores de Mal Pronóstico Por Resonancia Magnética en Pacientes Mexicanos Con Esclerosis Múltiple.
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis is one of the main causes of disability in young people. It has characteristic lesions in magnetic resonance images which are part of diagnosis criteria, and some of them could predict a long-term disability. In mexican population there is no description about multiple sclerosis imaging characteristics.
Materials and methods: We performed an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrolective study at the Neurology Service of Specialties Hospital of Siglo XXI National Medical Center of Mexican Social Security Institute, in Mexico, evaluating magnetic resonance images characteristics of patients with multiple sclerosis diagnosis between January 2017 and January 2020.
Results: 75 patients were included, 8% had 1-3 T2-weighted lesions, 18.6% had 4-9 T2-weighted lesions, and 73.3% had 10 or more T2-weighted lesions. 50.6% had infratentorial lesions and 61.3% had spinal cord lesions. Gadolinium enhancing lesions were found in 48%, with a median of lesions 2 (IQR 1,3).
Conclusions: Mexican patients with multiple sclerosis have a great incidence of magnetic resonance image poor prognosis factors, which should lead to a closer follow-up and influence treatment options.
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Enfermedades Neuro-Psiquiátricas en Atención Primaria en una Zona Rural de la Sierra Ecuatoriana en el 2018. Neuro-Psychiatric Diseases In Primary Care In A Rural Area Of The Ecuadorian Highlands 2018
Aim: To provide epidemiological data of neuro-psychiatric diseases. Methods: The sample corresponds to a native population of the northern Ecuadorian highlands, the data was retrospectively collected obtained from daily records of the health center in 2018. Neurological and mental health pathologies codified in ICD-10 were considered. Results: Of the total registered medical consultations, 521 corresponded to neuro-psychiatric diagnoses (4.07%). The majority of patients were women 66.79%. The average age was 39.22 years old 95% CI 37.17-41.26. Ethnic self-identification was native in 90.79%. The most frequent neurological pathology observed was the spectrum of headaches including migraine, tension headache and headache with 240 cases; and the psychiatric mental and behavioral disorder with 18 cases. It was also found that older women are more predisposed to suffer from these diseases. Conclusions: The integration of neurological and psychiatric services in primary health care should be an important political objective in our country for the early diagnosis and treatment of these pathologies with great impact on health.
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Características Clínicas y Epidemiológicas de los Tumores de Fosa Posterior en Pacientes Pediátricos. Experiencia en un Centro de Referencia Nacional. Clinical And Epidemiological Features Of Posterior Fossa Tumors In Pediatric Patients. Experience Of A National Reference Center.
Objective: To perform a descriptive study of posterior fossa tumors from a sample of patients from a national reference center in Ecuador.
Materials and methods: a descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed. Socio-demographic and clinical-epidemiological variables were established for 24 patients under the age of 14, whose clinical records reported a diagnosis of posterior fossa tumor, and who were hospitalized in Baca Ortiz Pediatric Hospital between 2014 and 2016.
Results: There was a 1:1 relationship between males and females, an age distribution of 20,8% of patients younger than 3 years, 33,3% between 3 and 6 years, and 45,8% of patients older than 6 years of age. The most frequent histopathological diagnosis was medulloblastoma with 45,8%, followed by ependymoma with 29,2%, and astrocytoma with 12,5%. 12,5% of patients did not have a biopsy performed. Intracranial hypertension was the most frequent clinical presentation syndrome with 87,5% followed by far less frequent symptoms in our sample.
Conclusions: Scientific evidence about posterior fossa tumors is limited in Ecuador. This study states the need to perform similar and more complete studies of this frequent pediatric brain tumor.
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Atahualpa, Una Población Rural Ideal Para la Práctica de Estudios Epidemiológicos. Atahualpa, An Optimal Rural Setting For The Practice Of Epidemiological Studies
Atahualpa is a rural village located in coastal Ecuador that achieve a number of requisites to be considered as an optimal setting for the practice of epidemiological studies. Atahualpa is an isolated village with a very low index of migration rate. Inhabitants are fairly homogeneous regarding race, lifestyles and diet, which is rich in oily fish. From the racial point of view, inhabitants are Ecuadorian natives with little evidence of cross-breading. Most men are artisan carpenters and most women are homemakers. These coincidences reduce the risk of the presence of unexpected confounders at the time of data analyses. However, this may also cause that data obtained might not be extrapolated to other regions. The practice of studies in neighboring villages, using similar protocols, is needed to validate generality of data obtained in Atahualpa.
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El Proyecto Atahualpa, Protocolo, Definiciones Operacionales y Diseño Inicial. The Atahualpa Project: Protocol, Operational Definitions, And Initial Study Design
Non-communicable diseases are the new health epidemics in developing countries due to increased life expectancy, and changes in lifestyle and dietary habits of the population. The Atahualpa Project was designed as a multi-step population-based cohort study designed to reduce the increasing burden of these conditions in rural Ecuador. The first step of the study followed a 3-Phase design, aimed to get information on demographics and cardiovascular risk factors of Atahualpa residents aged ≥40 years, as well as to assess the prevalence of stroke and ischemic heart disease. During Phase I, participants were screened with standardized questionnaires to evaluate their cardiovascular health and to identify those with suspected stroke or ischemic heart disease. In Phase II, neurologists and cardiologists examined suspected cases of stroke or ischemic heart disease, as well as a random sample of matched negative individuals, to assess prevalence of these conditions. In Phase III, patients with diagnosis of stroke and ischemic heart disease underwent complementary tests for achieving more specific diagnosis. Implementation of public health strategies directed to improve the cardiovascular health status of a given population must be based on studies evaluating specific risk factors at regional levels. Epidemiologic surveys such as the Atahualpa Project may prove cost-effective for improving the cardiovascular health status of people living in Latin American rural villages by increasing the knowledge on the particular needs of these populations.
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Salud Cardiovascular en Habitantes de Atahualpa: Características y Correlatos. Cardiovascular Health Status In Atahualpa Residents: Characteristics And Correlates
Stroke and cardiovascular diseases will be the next epidemics in Latin America due to changes in lifestyle and increased life expectancy. Knowledge of cardiovascular health (CVH) status of the population is mandatory to implement cost-effective strategies directed to reduce the burden of vascular diseases in the region. In the Atahualpa Project, we assessed the CVH status of participants using the metrics proposed by the American Heart Association. The basal study included 616 subjects free of stroke and ischemic heart disease aged ≥40 years. Of these, 2.1% had ideal, 28.1% had intermediate and 69.8% had poor CVH status. Poorest metrics were blood pressure, fasting glucose, and BMI. The odds for having a poor CVH status were increased in persons aged ≥ 60 years and in those with only primary school education. Then, we compared our results with the Hispanic population of the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study (NOMAS), and found that Atahualpa residents had significantly better metrics than those enrolled in the NOMAS, with the exception of fasting glucose levels. Likewise, the odds for having 5 to 7 ideal metrics were also better in Atahualpa residents, irrespective of age. We also conducted a case-control study to assess the CVH status of Atahualpa residents according to their living arrangements, and found that social isolation was associated with a worse CVH status in this population. A couple of studies showed correlation between some sleep related disorders and poor CVH status. We have also started an ongoing program called “known your numbers”, which, together with community talks, is directed to improve the CVH status and to reduce the burden of vascular diseases in the region.
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Sub-estudio de Neuroimagen del Proyecto Atahualpa. Neuroimaging Substudy Of The Atahualpa Project
The Atahualpa Project includes a Neuroimaging sub-study, which consists in the practice of MRIs and MRAs to all participants aged ≥60 years, as well as those presenting with specific neurological complains. Likewise, all participants aged ≥20 years have been invited for the practice of a head CT. MRIs and MRAs have been performed with the use of a Philips Intera 1.5T MRI machine, and TCs with the use of a Philips Brilliance 64 CT scanner, following established protocols. All exams have been independently reviewed by a neurologist and a neuroradiologist, with adequate kappa coefficients for inter-rater agreement. MRIs studies have been focused on the evaluation of global cortical atrophy, posterior parietal atrophy, bicaudate index, Evans index, hippocampal atrophy, signatures of cerebral small vessel disease, and lesions consistent with ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. By the use of MRI, we have assessed the prevalence of intracranial artery stenosis, intracranial dolichoectasia and variations in the configuration of the circle of Willis. Using CT, we have focused on the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis, pineal gland calcifications, as well as in variations and characteristics of skull bones, cerebellar atrophy, and severity of carotid siphon calcifications. In the present study, we focused on the description of basic protocols used for assessment of previously mentioned lesions of interest.
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Búsqueda de Substitutos Para Estudios de Neuroimagen con Propósitos de Investigación: Experiencia del Proyecto Atahualpa. The Search Of Surrogates For Neuroimaging Studies For Research Purposes: The Atahualpa Project Experience
Diagnosis of many non-communicable neurological diseases require the use of MRI, which is not readily available in remote rural populations. Efforts should be directed to find portable screening diagnostic tools that may help identify candidates for MRI screening. In the Atahualpa Project, all participants aged ≥60 years have been invited for the practice of MRI, and about 80% of them have underwent the procedure. Therefore, we have the unique opportunity to test the accuracy of non-invasive exams to be used as surrogates to MRI for identifying candidates for the practice of this exam. To date, we have assessed the value of the ankle-brachial index (ABI), the reliability of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the accuracy of hypertensive retinopathy, and the value of transcranial Doppler (TCD) to detect individuals with cerebral small vessel disease. Individuals with an abnormal ABI have 4 times de odds of having a silent lacunar infarct than those with a normal ABI. A high NLR has a poor sensitivity but is highly specific for detecting persons with at least one imaging signature of small vessel disease. Individuals with hypertensive retinopathy Grades 2-3 are almost four times more likely to have moderate-to-severe white matter hyperintensities than those with no- or only Grade 1 retinopathy. Finally, the correlation between the pulsatility indexes of major cerebral arteries with imaging markers of small vessel disease, as assessed by TCD, was poor. We are still in the search of some non-expensive and readily available biomarker that allow the identification of apparently healthy persons at risk of suffering a catastrophic cerebrovascular event.
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Trastornos de Sueño en Residentes de Atahualpa. Sleep Disorders In Atahualpa Residents.
Health problems related to sleep disorders are likely on the rise in rural areas of Latin America, partly related to changes in life style, shift work, and other factors. However, little is known on the burden of these conditions in remote rural settings. In the Atahualpa Project, we have investigated sleep disorders using standardized field instruments associated with sophisticated technology such as polysomnography. A poor sleep quality has been associated with frailty and with the presence of neuroimaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease and global cortical atrophy. On the contrary, dietary intake of oily fish was associated with a better sleep quality. We have also investigated the prevalence and some correlates of the restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease), and found a prevalence relatively higher than that described in most other tropical regions, as well as the association of this condition with psychological stress. Finally, a preliminary report shows a high prevalence of moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in Atahualpa residents aged ≥60 years (27%) and its correlation with diffuse subcortical damage of vascular origin. Further studies are needed to better understand consequences of sleep-related symptoms in underserved populations.
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Alcohol: Consumo, Consecuencias y Complicaciones Neurológicas. Resultados del Proyecto Atahualpa. Alcohol: Intake, Consequences and Neurological Complications. Results From The Atahualpa Project.
Information about the burden and consequences of alcohol intake in rural communities of Latin America is scarce. This study aims to assess the magnitude of alcohol intake in Atahualpa as well as its consequences and prevalence of neurological complications. Male residents aged ≥40 years (n=277) were interviewed with a structured questionnaire designed to evaluate prevalence, drinking patterns and consequences of chronic alcohol intake. Most of them were current drinkers and 40% started drinking below the legal age (18 years). Weekly binge drinking were admitted by 81% individuals, 58% referred physical consequences related to alcohol intake, 59% had social consequences, and 51% recognized alcohol intake as a major economic burden. Individuals who started drinking below the legal age were more often involved in binge drinking and consumed more alcohol than those aged ≥18 years at first regular drink. The relationship between alcohol intake and alcoholic cerebellar degeneration was evaluated by the use of the BARS scale, with 14.6% of individuals having clinically relevant alcoholic cerebellar degeneration. Predictive models showed significant relationships between BARS score margins and years of drinking and the amount of alcohol intake. Our study also provided robust evidence favoring an independent and synergistic effect of age and years of drinking in the relationship between ACD and cognitive decline. This study shows a high prevalence of chronic alcohol intake in community-dwelling men living in Atahualpa.
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Enfermedad Cerebrovascular en Atahualpa: Prevalencia e Incidencia. Cerebrovascular Disease In Atahualpa: Prevalence And Incidence
Stroke burden is on the rise in rural regions of South America. We evaluated prevalence, pattern of subtypes and pathogenetic mechanisms underlying stroke in Atahualpa. In a three-phase epidemiologic study, suspected cases were detected by a door-to-door survey. Then, neurologists evaluated suspected cases and randomly selected negative persons, and confirmed patients underwent complementary exams. We found 20 stroke patients among 642 persons aged ≥ 40 years. Stroke prevalence was 31.15‰ that increased with age. Hypertensive arteriolopathy was the most likely mechanism underlying strokes (55% patients). Extracranial atherosclerotic lesions or cardiac sources of emboli were not found in any case. Comparison of our findings with a previous survey performed in the same village showed an alarming increase in stroke prevalence (from 14.08‰ in 2003 to 31.15‰ in 2012, p=0.03). Thereafter, we conducted an incidence study. For this, first-ever strokes occurring over four years were identified from yearly door-to-door surveys and other overlapping sources. Of 807 stroke-free individuals prospectively enrolled in the Atahualpa Project, follow-up was achieved in 718 (89%), contributing 2,499 years of follow-up (average 3.48±0.95 years). Stroke incidence rate was 2.97 per 100 person-years of follow-up (95% C.I.: 1.73–4.2), which increased to 4.77 (95% C.I.: 1.61–14.1) when only persons aged ≥57 years were considered. Poisson regression models, adjusted for relevant confounders, showed that high blood pressure (IRR: 5.24; 95% C.I.: 2.55–7.93) and severe edentulism (IRR: 5.06; 95% C.I.: 2.28–7.85) were the factors independently increasing stroke incidence. Stroke incidence in Atahualpa is comparable to that reported from the developed world. Besides age and high blood pressure, severe edentulism is a major factor independently predicting incident strokes.
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Deterioro Cognitivo: Prevalencia y Correlatos en una Comunidad Rural Ecuatoriana. Lecciones del Proyecto Atahualpa. Cognitive Decline: Prevalence And Correlates In A Rural Ecuadorian Community. Lessons From The Atahualpa Project.
Assessment of cognitive impairment in rural areas of developing countries is complicated by illiteracy and cross-cultural factors. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to estimate cognitive performance in individuals enrolled in the Atahualpa Project. Some problems were noticed with the use of this test, including issues related to naming animals, as well as the need to adjust a different cutoff for diagnosing mild cognitive decline than that used in highly educated individuals living in developed countries. After correlating MoCA scores with neuroimaging signatures of cortical and subcortical atrophy, a cutoff of 19-20 points would better define cognitive impaired individuals in rural areas. We also noticed that severe edentulism as well as psychological distress were associated with poor cognitive performance in older adults living in Atahualpa. In contrast, our study showed a linear, and dose-dependent, direct relationship between dietary oily fish intake and cognitive performance. We also aimed to assess the independent contribution and the interaction of age, the stroke itself and diffuse subcortical damage in the poor cognitive performance observed in patients with stroke, and noticed that interaction of age and diffuse subcortical damage are major determinants for poor cognitive performance among stroke patients. The total cerebral small vessel disease score can be used as a reliable predictor of poor cognitive performance, although its predictive power is not better than that of isolated neuroimaging signatures of cerebral small vessel disease. Finally, we noticed an inverse relationship between calcium content in the carotid siphon – used as a surrogate of intracranial atherosclerosis – and cognitive performance in our population.
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Prevalencia de la Enfermedad de Parkinson: Estudio Puerta-Puerta en la Provincia de Manabí-Ecuador. Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease: Door-to-door Study in Manabi-Ecuador.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative disorders after dementias, with a worldwide prevalence of more than 1% in patients older than 65 years. In Ecuador, there are not direct statistical data on this disease. The aim of our research lies in establishing for the first time, the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in the province of Manabi. For that, a door-to-door study was designed in two phases. They were selected 116,983 people, over forty years old. During the first phase, they were evaluated by survey, according to the London Brain Bank criteria for diagnosis. In the second phase, patients who met the criteria were referred to a neurologist for a definitive diagnosis. A total of 285 people (0.24%) were positive for Parkinson’s disease, predominating those aged over 61 years (33.33%), and with a slightly higher prevalence among males (56.14%) than in women (43.86%).
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Concepto de la Demencia como Enfermedad en un Grupo Poblacional de la Ciudad de Guayaquil
Background: Dementia is a clinical condition that causes progressive cognitive impairment, and early diagnosis may have a significant impact on the quality of life. So far, no studies have been conducted to evaluate the conception of the general population about this disease.
Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, which surveyed individuals between 55 and 65 years old without neurocognitive pathology about the concept of the term “dementia”. The educational level of each respondent was also collected. The responses were assigned to one of 6 possible response groups for analysis, depending on which group better matched each individual response. The percentage of each type of response was calculated, and chi-square was used to observe the relationship between level of education and the type of answers given.
Results: a total of 274 individuals were surveyed, 35.8% were male and 64.2% female. Most patients (36.5%) had only elementary education. 11.7% did not know what dementia means. 45.5% defined it as memory loss and 23% incorrectly identified it as a psychiatric illness. A very small percentage of individuals correctly defined it as a type of cognitive impairment. We found a statistically significant relationship between the level of education and the type of answers obtained (p <0.001).
Discussion: more than half of respondents gave an acceptably correct answer about the concept of dementia, but there is still a significant percentage of people who do not know its meaning, or confuse it with psychiatric illness. It is imperative to carry out health campaigns to alert people about this disease and how to delay it’s onset by lowering risk factors, and to train as well primary care physicians to provide better information to their patients in order to improve the prevention of dementia and lessen its impact on quality of life.
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Prevalencia y Tendencia de Trastornos Mentales en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía.
A mental disorder is the result of an imbalance between biological and social aspects that reflect an alteration of cerebral functions which intervene in the life and productiveness of each individual. In this study the prevalence and trend of mental disorders were estimated in the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Mexico City. This was a transversal study. The information was obtained during 1995 to 2004 of clinical records of patients admitted by first time in the Institute with diagnosis of mental disorder according to ICD-10, and different epidemiological variables were identified.
One thousand four hundred eighty three cases were identified. 56% were woman. The more frequent group of age was 20-29 years. In first place was Schizophrenia (22%), followed by Depressive Episode (16.5%) and in third place Bipolar Affective Disorder (8.6%). The prevalence was higher in 1995. In general, a tendency to decrease of mental disorders was observed, although it was not statistically significant.
Previous reports affirm that the number or patients with neuropsychiatric disorders will increase around the world in next years. Because most patients are assisted in the beginning by general or alternative medicine, it is essential for cases to be promptly identified and be addressed to specialized institutions for their attention.
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Información epidemiológica sobre la morbilidad hospitalaria en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía de la ciudad de México durante el período 2002-2007.
Hospital morbidity provides information for the strategic planning and implementation of health actions and programmes.
Objective: To determine the main causes of hospital morbidity, its distribution and behavior during the period 2000-2007 at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Mexico City (INNN).
Materials and Methods: An observational, transversal retrolective study was carried out. Data was collected from discharge notes and from the hospital database from the Epidemiology Department. The different rates of morbidity were calculated and their tendencies were determined for a period of six years.
Results: The main causes of morbidity were malignant encephalic tumors and benign tumors from other endocrine glands. However, a tendency to the increment of subarachnoid hemorrhage (p=0.03), cerebrovascular diseases (p=0.04) and benign brain tumors and from other parts of the central nervous system (p=0.01) was found.
Conclusions: Even though this is not a population study, the information obtained from one of the main training institutes and centers of the world and the largest in Latin America, is of great importance. It can be seen how, even though cerebrovascular diseases showed a tendency to increase, benign encephalic tumors occupy the main rates regarding morbidity.
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Epidemiología del Ictus entre los años 2007-2009 en el Hospital Regional Dr. Teodoro Maldonado Carbo.
Objective: Determine the prevalence of the different epidemiological features and risk factors of stroke patients of the Regional Hospital Dr. Teodoro Maldonado Carbo.
Methods:Cross-sectional study of 521 patients with diagnosis of stroke, admitted to the Neurology Service of the Social Security Hospital between the years 2007-2009. Data was recollected from the discharge notes and medical records. The measured variables were duration of hospital stay, diagnosis, mortality, non-modifiable risk factors, and modifiable risk factors. In case of hemorrhagic stroke variables that could represent its cause were also recollected.
Results: Most patients were males (70.5%), the most prevalent risk factors were hypertension (81.1%), diabetes mellitus (27%) and dyslipidemia (16.88%). The mean age was 67±13 years. There was an increased tendency of hypertension in males and of diabetes mellitus in females (p=0.45, p=0.17 respectively). There was a significant difference in the presence of coagulopathy (p=0.01), valvulopathy (p=0.04) and anticoagulant use (p=0.004) in females. Ischemic stroke represented the 80.9% and hemorrhagic stroke the 19.1% of cases.
Conclusions: These results are similar to those found in Latin American and North American publications. The correction of the most prevalent risk factors in our population would markedly decrease the incidence of this disabling disease.
