Several forms of neural plasticity can occur in the adult Nervous System activated by experience and regulated by the interaction among the environment, stress, physical exercises, and physiological conditions (i.e. pregnancy). Recent studies demonstrate that specific neuroplastic events occur in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and its experimental animal model, as well as some punctuate failures in neuroplastic mechanisms. Basic pathogenic mechanisms of MS related to axonal and myelin integrity loss and associated to inflammation processes and the dual roll of inflammation in the neurodegeneration/neuroprotection relation are reviewed. We emphasize in the actual therapies trends in those topics and in the current evidences of neuroplastic changes in MS.