Publicación Oficial de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Neurología, de la Liga Ecuatoriana Contra la Epilepsia y de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Enfermedad Cerebrovascular

Neurogénesis

 

Neurogénesis y Ejercicios Físicos: Una Actualización. Neurogenesis And Physical Exercise: An Update

Neurogenesis is a brain mechanism of structural plasticity that could be defined as a process of production of new neurons from neural stem cells or progenitor cells. Currently is accepted that neurogenesis occurs mainly in two different neurogenic niches of humans and rodents’ adult brain, the granular zone (ZSG) in the dentate gyrus (GD) of the hippocampus, and the subventricular zone (ZSV) in the lateral ventricles. It is a complex process that depends on various factors being finely regulated, takes four to six weeks to complete and could be regulated positively or negatively by intrinsic or extrinsic factors.

Among the main positive regulators of neurogenesis is the physical exercise. Several studies showed the importance of regular practice of physical exercise for general health and cognitive functions. In the hippocampus, it is able to increase the cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal survival. In addition, physical exercise acts in synapses remodeling and modifying neuronal properties, protecting cognitive deterioration due to diseases or the natural aging process.

Thus, the objective of this review is to bring information on neurogenesis and an update that seeks to elucidate the possible mechanisms by which physical exercise favors adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

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Neurogénesis en el Cerebro Adulto: Promesas y Posibilidades en la Enfermedad de Parkinson.

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter implicated in the regulation of mood, motivation and movement. Here, we have reviewed recent data suggesting that dopamine, in addition to being a neurotransmitter, also plays a role in the regulation of endogenous neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. In addition, we  approach a highly controversial question: can the adult human brain use endogenous neurogenesis to replace the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that are lost in Parkinson’s disease?

 

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Terapia Celular en la Enfermedad de Parkinson.

The pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease is a gradual loss of nigrostriatal dopamine-containing neurons and is responsible for cardinal motor symptoms of the disease. Current therapeutic strategies are mostly based on pharmacological enhancement of the dopaminergic neurotransmission. This therapeutic approach has several long-term side effects, such as dyskinesias and fluctuations of response and is therefore limited in its use. Transplantation of fetal dopaminergic precursor cells has provided the proof that a cell replacement therapy can ameliorate clinical symptoms in affected patients. Novel therapies aiming at a stimulation of an endogenous dopamine production within the brain at a continuous rate might provide a more physiological and elegant way to overcome the dopaminergic deficiency in parkinsonian brains. This article will review recent studies demonstrating the potential of these alternative cell graft sources for treating Parkinson’s disease.

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