The spinal accessory nerve (XI cranial nerve) injury is an unusual clinical entity and, sometimes, of complex diagnosis. The objective of this study is to describe the syndromic picture attending to its main etiologic factors, the different forms of presentation and the value of the neurophysiological studies, especially of electromyography in its diagnosis. The information that neurophysiology brings is of great value at the moment of establishing a precocious diagnosis as well as in the evolution and prognosis of the lesion. There are few available data in the literature that describe neurophysiological techniques for its correct management.
Nerve injury
Origins of Addictive Behavior: A Nature Heritage Or A Neuropsychiatric Nurtured Reality?
In this paper we present a revision on the origins of Addictive Behavior and related neural basis. Although there are abundant specific bibliography and professions focusing on addictions treatment, the reasons why people started with addictive behaviors and consequently maintain are still not well understood. This article explores the construction, meaning, and impact of addiction in historical and psychological perspective. The challenge to the usual concept of addictions causes has significant implications for medical practice and for treatment programs. Furthermore, with this article we present the phenomena of Multifactorial Polygenic Heritage as a possible theory for the explanation of addictive behavior, being consequently important for its prevention and treatment. The roles of social, cultural, and population differences, as they may relate to addictive behaviors, are explored.
