Neurogenesis is a brain mechanism of structural plasticity that could be defined as a process of production of new neurons from neural stem cells or progenitor cells. Currently is accepted that neurogenesis occurs mainly in two different neurogenic niches of humans and rodents’ adult brain, the granular zone (ZSG) in the dentate gyrus (GD) of the hippocampus, and the subventricular zone (ZSV) in the lateral ventricles. It is a complex process that depends on various factors being finely regulated, takes four to six weeks to complete and could be regulated positively or negatively by intrinsic or extrinsic factors.
Among the main positive regulators of neurogenesis is the physical exercise. Several studies showed the importance of regular practice of physical exercise for general health and cognitive functions. In the hippocampus, it is able to increase the cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal survival. In addition, physical exercise acts in synapses remodeling and modifying neuronal properties, protecting cognitive deterioration due to diseases or the natural aging process.
Thus, the objective of this review is to bring information on neurogenesis and an update that seeks to elucidate the possible mechanisms by which physical exercise favors adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
