Publicación Oficial de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Neurología, de la Liga Ecuatoriana Contra la Epilepsia y de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Enfermedad Cerebrovascular

Executive function

 

Trail Making Test TMT: Primera aproximación a las propiedades psicométricas en población ecuatoriana adulta. Trail Making Test TMT: First approach to the psychometric properties in the adult Ecuadorian population

Background: The Trail Making Test (TMT) is the most widely used test in Latin America to measure sustained attention (Part A) and executive function (Part B). However, the scales used show differences in the references averages between groups of populations.

Objective: To determine the referential averages of the TMT test, considering the effect of the sociodemographic factor, in order to provide normative data in Ecuadorian adult population, from 18 to 90 years of age.
Method: A quantitative method was developed, with a non-experimental design, based on psychometric techniques in a nonprobabilistic sample of a total of 1679 Ecuadorian participants . The TMT test, part A and B, was administered.

Results: 57.4% of the sample corresponded to female participants, while 42.6% consisted of male participants. The majority coming from the city of Quito (41.7%). The mean age was 34 years, and most reported higher education. The weightings of the referential averages in part A for the general sample were (M: 34.1; SD: 13.2), while in part B it was (M: 77.9; SD: 39.8). Comparing the scores obtained by gender and by age groups, no significant differences were observed; however, in the TMT-B part, the group with higher education (> 12 years) obtained a better performance, compared to the groups with fewer years of education (P=0,000).

Conclusions: the referential averages for the TMT test in the Ecuadorian population show dependence on the sociodemographic factor associated with schooling. In addition, those obtained were observed slightly below the scales provided in other Latino populations. Therefore, it suggests the construction of a referential scale for the TMT test, adapted to the Ecuadorian cultural context

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Palabras clave: atención sostenida, Flexibilidad cognitiva, función ejecutiva, Test TMT,

Keywords: Cognitive flexibility, Executive function, sustained attention., TMT Test,

Funcionamiento Ejecutivo en Adolescentes Embarazadas Del Departamento de Sucre-Colombia: Una Respuesta Desde la Cognición. Executive Functioning In Pregnant Adolescents In The Department Of Sucre-Colombia: A Response From Cognition.

Introduction: Teen pregnancy changes the way of life of girls and their families, sometimes they can be the product of poor decision-making when having sex.

Objective: To describe the executive functioning of adolescents in a state of pregnancy in the department of Sucre.

Method: Quantitative, observational, descriptive level and cross-sectional approach; a sample of 72 adolescents, 36 of them pregnant in the department of Sucre, Colombia. Sample: selection and rejection method, applying a simple analysis of variance, using the R-Studio program. Instruments: a test protocol was applied containing: Controlled word association test, Wisconsin classification test (WCST), Stroop test, Trail Making Test (TMT).

Results: Adolescent girls in pregnancy presented greater difficulty in making decisions, failures in problem solving, organization and planning of information, as well as poor self-monitoring, slow learning, and low speed of information processing.

Conclusion: The maturation of brain areas with changes occurred in adolescence is consistent with the difficulties found in this executive functioning and the appearance of risk behaviors resulting in possible pregnancies during adolescence.

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Palabras clave: adolescentes, conductas de riesgo, embarazo temprano, función ejecutiva,

Keywords: adolescents, early pregnancy, Executive function, risk behavior,

Niveles de Hemoglobina y Anemia en Niños: Implicancias Para el Desarrollo de Las Funciones Ejecutivas. Hemoglobin And Anemia Levels In Children: Implications For The Development Of Executive Functions

Introduction: Anemia is one of the most important health problems in the world. In developing countries; anemia coexists with malnutrition, lack of access to water, and sanitation. In Peru, more than 40% of children have anemia that affects their brain function and cognitive processes during their development, even to adult life.

Objective: This study sought (1) to know the levels of hemoglobin and the presence of anemia in children in rural and urban Arequipa, as well as other indicators of physical health, (2) compare the level of development of executive functions between both groups of children, and (3) analyzes of hemoglobin levels predict the cognitive profile.

Method: 49 subjects were evaluated (55% from rural area, 46% girls). Both groups begin regular basic education, different weight measurements were evaluated, including hemoglobin (HemoCuer®) and O2 saturation. The executive functions were assessed with the BANFE test.

Results: Disturbing levels of anemia have been found in the rural area of ​​Arequipa, as well as obesity in children in the urban area. Different processes of executive functions, especially from dorsolateral area have been reduced in rural children; despite having a similar educational and socioeconomic level. Finally, we found that hemoglobin levels explained the 27% of the variance; corresponding to the dorsolateral prefrontal score.

Conclusion: Anemia affects the development of executive functions in children, generating tombs consequences in their neurodevelopment.

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Palabras clave: Anemia, BANFE, Cognición, función ejecutiva, Perú, población infantil,

Keywords: anemia, BANFE, child-population, Cognition, Executive function, Peru,

Influencia de la Reserva Cognitiva en la Función Ejecutiva en Sujetos Sanos y con enfermedad tipo Alzheimer de Inicio Tardío en una Muestra Portuguesa.

The Cognitive Reserve concept, generally understood as the acquired protective effect, is considered by many authors as an active mechanism that is based on the application of previously learned resources, due to a good education, profession and/or premorbid intelligence. The Stroop Test has been used in the neuropsychological assessment of executive functions in aging-related disease, such as Alzheimer’s Disease.

Objectives: We intend to study the influence of cognitive reserve in executive functions in subjects with late onset Alzheimer´s disease, and in healthy subjects in a Portuguese sample.

Method: We used two samples, one consisting of 91 healthy subjects and a second sample of 32 subjects diagnosed with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Results: The group of healthy subjects showed better performance on the test, than the pathologic group. Significative differences were found in the healthy group between high and low cognitive reserve subgroups.

Conclusions: The Stroop Test, shows a high sensitivity in determining alterations in executive functions and the influence of cognitive reserve in that function.

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Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Envejecimiento normal, Envejecimiento patológico, Funciones Ejecutivas, Reserva Cognitiva, Test de Colores y Palabras de Stroop,

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive reserve, Executive function, Normal aging, Pathological aging, Stroop Color and Word Test,
 
 
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