Cerebrovascular events (CDVE) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most patients with CVE do not develop significant respiratory problems but when present, they may be a marker of severe neurologic derangement. In one study (1), only 8% of patients presenting with acute carotid territory stroke were electively intubated and mechanically ventilated due to neurologic deterioration. “Good” outcome in terms of survival and neurological status of patients with hemispheric strokes who required mechanical ventilation have been reported in approximately 20% of cases (2). Respiratory disturbances associates with strokes can result from discrete or difuse lesions to key componets of the respiratory controller. The clinical spectrum of respiratory disordes in stroke include abnormal breathing patterns, hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure, aspiration pneumonia due to an inability to protect the airways and clear the airway by coughing, and acute pulmonary emblism due to prolonged inmobilization. There is a veriety of altered respiratory patterns associated with strokes. There is a variety of altered respiratory patterns associated with strokes (3-5). These changes are not only important in determining the location of the neuroanatomic lesion, but they havealso been regarded as outcome predictors in CVE. This paper reviews the evaluation, management, and effect of respiratory care interventions, management, and effect of respiratory care interventions on a variety of respiratory system problems in patients with CVE.
Artículos de Revisión
Respiratory Dysfunction Associated with Acute Cerebrovascular Events
Transtorno de la Atención con Hiperactividad
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is one of the four syndromes of minimal brain dysfunction, recongnized by the last classification of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM IV). It is mainly characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity, a low-level frustration, impulsivity, and emotional labilit. Although there are no doubts about its organic naure, the presence of this syndrome does not mean a demonstrable cerebral or irreversible lesion, but an alteration in high cerebral function, particulary in the area of behaviour. ADHD can be associated with language, learning, and motor disabilities. Diagnosis should be made on the basis of behaviour. ADHD can be associated with language, learning, and motor disabilities. Neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies are required only to exclude another phatoogies. Stimulants are the first choice in the treatment of ADHD, mainly methylphenidate, because it is well tolerated and improves not only the attention level and hyperactivity, but also learning and writing abilites. Prognosis varies acording to the severity of the clinical picture, early diagnosis and the familial interaction on the social context of child. Approximately 5% of infantile schoool pupulation have ADHD; therefore, this diagnostic possiblity should be considered by neuropediatricians and pediatricians for early diagnosis and treatment.
